Intelligence BuildoutMethodology
← All SystemsSystem 10 / powerReviewed Aug 29, 2026

Power, Grid & Generation

Firm capacity, generation, transmission, substations, storage, and flexible operations determine when compute can energize.

Understand the system

How it works

AI load is not supplied by a contract alone: electrons require generation, wires, interconnection, protection, and hour-by-hour reliability in the same place and time.

Power dependencies

Delivering power to the campus

Select a capability to explore its role and connections.

Selected: Generation & storage

Generation & storage

Electricity generation, storage, flexibility, and reliability resources serving new load.

Explore Generation & storage in Atlas

Documented connections

Selected documented dependencies. Arrows retain their Atlas direction; they do not represent quantities or a complete engineering process.

A large AI campus behaves like an industrial load with rapid growth, high availability expectations, and concentrated geography. Meeting it requires more than annual energy matching. Utilities and grid operators must study substations and transmission, plan resource adequacy, manage power quality, and allocate upgrade costs while generation and storage projects navigate their own queues and construction schedules.

Energy and capacity differ

Annual MWh describe energy; serving peak demand requires dependable capacity, ramping, reserves, and network deliverability. A portfolio can be energy-matched yet constrained during critical hours.

  • Hourly demand and supply matter beyond annual totals
  • Nameplate, accredited, and delivered capacity are different measures
Supporting evidence · 7
  1. [1] Data centers used about 415 TWh of electricity worldwide in 2024, around 1.5 percent of global electricity consumption.
  2. [2] The IEA estimates that global data-center electricity consumption rose 17 percent in 2025, with AI-focused data centers growing faster.
  3. [3] U.S. data centers consumed an estimated 176 TWh in 2023, equal to roughly 4.4 percent of national electricity use.
  4. [4] LBNL's 2025 Update places U.S. data-center electricity use at 649 TWh in its 2030 Reference Case, with compounded-uncertainty bounds of 521 to 843 TWh, or 9.5 to 15.3 percent of U.S. electricity use.
  5. [5] IEA estimates that the physical generation supplying global data centers in 2024 was approximately 30 percent coal, 27 percent renewables, 26 percent gas, and 15 percent nuclear; rounding and other sources account for the remainder.
  6. [6] Ireland's regulator reports that data centers increased from 5 percent of national electricity demand in 2015 to 22 percent in 2024.
  7. [7] Ireland's regulator projects contracted data-center demand rising to 14.6 TWh in 2034, equal to 31 percent of national electricity demand under the cited outlook.

Interconnection is a queue

New generation must be studied for network impacts before connecting. Cluster studies and readiness rules aim to reduce speculative backlog, but FERC's June 2026 status statement confirms that transmission-provider compliance was still incomplete; effective law and fully implemented tariffs are separate milestones.

  • Map load and generation queues together
  • Expose network-upgrade cost responsibility
Supporting evidence · 4
  1. [1] FERC Order No. 2023 requires cluster studies, greater project-readiness requirements, and transmission-provider delay penalties for generator interconnection.
  2. [2] FERC's chair stated on June 18, 2026 that compliance with Order No. 2023 was not yet fully complete across transmission providers.
  3. [3] CRS finds that individual data centers typically fall under state and local siting, while the federal permitting nexus varies by project; FERC, NRC, the Army Corps, and delegated air and water programs may apply depending on configuration and location.
  4. [4] At year-end 2024, about 10,300 active U.S. transmission-interconnection projects represented roughly 1,400 GW of generation and 890 GW of storage in queues covered by LBNL's dataset.

The campus meets the grid

Transmission lines feed substations, transformers step voltage down, switchgear protects circuits, and backup systems bridge interruptions. Redundancy choices affect cost, emissions, and local resilience.

  • Trace voltage from grid to accelerator
  • Include losses, backup tests, and failure modes
Supporting evidence · 4
  1. [1] NVIDIA's DGX GB200 documentation describes a rack-scale system with 72 GPUs, 36 Grace CPUs, and an approximately 120 kW power envelope, with liquid cooling alongside air-cooled components.
  2. [2] Open Compute Project workstreams are addressing future AI rack power envelopes from 250 kW toward 1 MW alongside liquid-cooling standards.
  3. [3] The NRC regulates the design, siting, construction, and operation of new commercial nuclear facilities through requirements, licensing, and oversight, with formal opportunities for public involvement.
  4. [4] Virginia JLARC's modeled data-center buildout scenarios place added generation- and transmission-related cost for a typical Dominion residential customer at $14 to $37 per month in real dollars by 2040.

Flexibility can become infrastructure

Workload shifting, power capping, staged energization, batteries, and geographic scheduling can reduce coincident peaks when service requirements permit. One Phoenix study measured a twenty-five-percent cluster reduction for three hours, but that bounded result is not a fleet or whole-facility guarantee. PJM's current regional rules, FERC-hosted baseline guidance, and DOE's waveform-monitoring analysis show that qualification also requires defined meter boundaries, interval data, response duration, baseline error, rebound, and telemetry matched to the event frequency.

  • Record response duration, rebound, and service limits
  • Verify delivered flexibility at the grid meter
Supporting evidence · 7
  1. [1] The IEA's 2025 base case projects worldwide data-center electricity demand to more than double to about 945 TWh by 2030.
  2. [2] On June 18, 2026, FERC opened targeted proceedings for six RTOs and ISOs to justify or reform large-load interconnection practices, including flexible service, cost-allocation, and co-location questions.
  3. [3] Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's demand-flexibility maturity model treats evaluation, measurement and verification plus enabling data infrastructure as distinct capabilities required for dependable flexible-load programs.
  4. [4] FERC-hosted measurement guidance treats demand reduction as observed load relative to an estimated counterfactual baseline, requires error to be characterized, and identifies post-event rebound as a separate measurable effect.
  5. [5] PJM's July 2026 operating manual requires product-specific demand-response registration, event notification, meter data, settlement, and interval-meter or approved submeter treatment within its regional market rules.
  6. [6] DOE reports that standard phasor-measurement filtering can miss or distort higher-frequency AI-load oscillations, while point-on-wave measurement preserves the waveform at materially higher communications and storage cost; a hybrid approach serves different monitoring bands.
  7. [7] A field demonstration on one 256-GPU cluster in a commercial Phoenix facility reduced cluster power by 25 percent for three hours while maintaining the study's defined quality-of-service guarantees.

Featured evidence

U.S. interconnection-queue capacity at year-end 2024

LBNL compilation of proposed generation and storage capacity actively seeking transmission interconnection in U.S. queues.
Queued capacityGW
View chart values
U.S. interconnection-queue capacity at year-end 2024 — underlying values in GW
CategoryQueued capacity
Generation1,400 GW
Storage890 GW

PIPELINE, NOT SUPPLY — year-end 2024 proposed capacity; storage and generation are different resources and must not be summed as equivalent dependable output.

Key indicators

Key measures & constraints

  1. 01

    The IEA estimates that global data-center electricity consumption rose 17 percent in 2025, with AI-focused data centers growing faster.

    Class
    estimate
    Geography
    Global
    Period
    2025
    Confidence
    high
    Trace evidence
  2. 02

    LBNL's 2025 Update places U.S. data-center electricity use at 649 TWh in its 2030 Reference Case, with compounded-uncertainty bounds of 521 to 843 TWh, or 9.5 to 15.3 percent of U.S. electricity use.

    Class
    projection
    Geography
    United States
    Period
    2030
    Confidence
    medium
    Trace evidence
  3. 03

    On June 18, 2026, FERC opened targeted proceedings for six RTOs and ISOs to justify or reform large-load interconnection practices, including flexible service, cost-allocation, and co-location questions.

    Class
    fact
    Geography
    United States
    Period
    June 18, 2026 orders
    Confidence
    high
    Trace evidence
  4. 04

    At year-end 2024, about 10,300 active U.S. transmission-interconnection projects represented roughly 1,400 GW of generation and 890 GW of storage in queues covered by LBNL's dataset.

    Class
    estimate
    Geography
    United States
    Period
    Year-end 2024
    Confidence
    high
    Trace evidence
  5. 05

    A field demonstration on one 256-GPU cluster in a commercial Phoenix facility reduced cluster power by 25 percent for three hours while maintaining the study's defined quality-of-service guarantees.

    Class
    fact
    Geography
    Phoenix, Arizona, United States
    Period
    2025 field demonstration lasting three hours
    Confidence
    medium
    Trace evidence

System map

Connections across the system

Explore inputs, outputs, and shared capabilities in the Atlas. Open the register for every documented relationship.

Across the system boundary Selected documented relationships · arrows follow the Atlas

Enters this system 8

  1. AI workload demand→ Project capitalTrace relationship
  2. AI workload demand→ Generation & storageTrace relationship

Leaves this system 6

  1. Leading-edge fab← Project capitalTrace relationship
  2. Data-center campus← Grid interconnectionTrace relationship
System 10Power, Grid & Generation9 internal relationships

Shared capabilities can belong to more than one System. These links carry materials, energy, information, capital, or permissions; they describe dependencies, not quantities or a complete process model.

Explore 10 capabilities and operating boundaries
Atlas nodes / 10
All documented relationships · 23
  1. criticaloutput
    Project capitalLeading-edge fab

    Long-duration capital funds fab construction, tools, and ramp.

    Trace relationship
    Supporting evidence · 1
    1. [1] Intel characterizes a modern fab as an investment of roughly 10 billion dollars that can take three to five years to build.
  2. criticaloutput
    Grid interconnectionData-center campus

    Substations and transmission upgrades deliver usable electrical capacity to campus.

    Trace relationship
    Supporting evidence · 3
    1. [1] LBNL's 2025 Update places U.S. data-center electricity use at 649 TWh in its 2030 Reference Case, with compounded-uncertainty bounds of 521 to 843 TWh, or 9.5 to 15.3 percent of U.S. electricity use.
    2. [2] FERC Order No. 2023 requires cluster studies, greater project-readiness requirements, and transmission-provider delay penalties for generator interconnection.
    3. [3] CRS finds that individual data centers typically fall under state and local siting, while the federal permitting nexus varies by project; FERC, NRC, the Army Corps, and delegated air and water programs may apply depending on configuration and location.
  3. criticalinternal
    Generation & storageGrid interconnection

    Generation and storage reach load through interconnection and transmission networks.

    Trace relationship
    Supporting evidence · 5
    1. [1] The IEA estimates that global data-center electricity consumption rose 17 percent in 2025, with AI-focused data centers growing faster.
    2. [2] FERC Order No. 2023 requires cluster studies, greater project-readiness requirements, and transmission-provider delay penalties for generator interconnection.
    3. [3] CRS finds that individual data centers typically fall under state and local siting, while the federal permitting nexus varies by project; FERC, NRC, the Army Corps, and delegated air and water programs may apply depending on configuration and location.
    4. [4] The NRC regulates the design, siting, construction, and operation of new commercial nuclear facilities through requirements, licensing, and oversight, with formal opportunities for public involvement.
    5. [5] The IEA's 2025 base case projects worldwide data-center electricity demand to more than double to about 945 TWh by 2030.
  4. criticaloutput
    Local governanceData-center campus

    Land, water, fiscal, and construction decisions condition campus development.

    Trace relationship
    Supporting evidence · 4
    1. [1] LBNL estimated average U.S. data-center site water usage effectiveness at just over 0.36 liters per kWh through 2023.
    2. [2] EPA's January 2026 redevelopment guidance says candidate data-center sites must fit site conditions, reach power and fiber, comply with applicable regulation and cleanup controls, and incorporate planning and community input.
    3. [3] CRS finds that individual data centers typically fall under state and local siting, while the federal permitting nexus varies by project; FERC, NRC, the Army Corps, and delegated air and water programs may apply depending on configuration and location.
    4. [4] In Pew's 2026 U.S. data-center survey, 39 percent called data centers mostly bad for the environment, 38 percent mostly bad for home energy costs, and 30 percent mostly bad for nearby quality of life.
  5. criticalinternal
    TransmissionDistribution & substations

    Transmission delivers bulk power into substations and local distribution networks.

    Trace relationship
    Supporting evidence · 2
    1. [1] At year-end 2024, about 10,300 active U.S. transmission-interconnection projects represented roughly 1,400 GW of generation and 890 GW of storage in queues covered by LBNL's dataset.
    2. [2] FERC Order No. 2023 requires cluster studies, greater project-readiness requirements, and transmission-provider delay penalties for generator interconnection.
  6. criticaloutput
    Distribution & substationsData-center campus

    Distribution service and substations deliver usable utility capacity to the campus boundary.

    Trace relationship
    Supporting evidence · 2
    1. [1] The U.S. Department of Energy reports that distribution-transformer lead times expanded from roughly three to six months in 2019 to twelve to thirty months in 2023.
    2. [2] LBNL's 2025 Update places U.S. data-center electricity use at 649 TWh in its 2030 Reference Case, with compounded-uncertainty bounds of 521 to 843 TWh, or 9.5 to 15.3 percent of U.S. electricity use.
  7. importantinput
    AI workload demandProject capital

    Forecast demand unlocks financing and procurement commitments.

    Trace relationship
    Supporting evidence · 1
    1. [1] Global investment in data centers reached roughly half a trillion U.S. dollars in 2024, nearly double the 2022 level.
  8. importantinput
    AI workload demandGeneration & storage

    Workload forecasts become regional electricity requirements.

    Trace relationship
    Supporting evidence · 3
    1. [1] The IEA estimates that global data-center electricity consumption rose 17 percent in 2025, with AI-focused data centers growing faster.
    2. [2] The IEA's 2025 base case projects worldwide data-center electricity demand to more than double to about 945 TWh by 2030.
    3. [3] LBNL's 2025 Update places U.S. data-center electricity use at 649 TWh in its 2030 Reference Case, with compounded-uncertainty bounds of 521 to 843 TWh, or 9.5 to 15.3 percent of U.S. electricity use.
  9. importantoutput
    Project capitalData-center campus

    Project finance funds site, shell, utilities, and commissioning.

    Trace relationship
    Supporting evidence · 1
    1. [1] Global investment in data centers reached roughly half a trillion U.S. dollars in 2024, nearly double the 2022 level.
  10. importantinput
    Host communityLocal governance

    Participation and local evidence shape conditions, legitimacy, and oversight.

    Trace relationship
    Supporting evidence · 3
    1. [1] EPA's January 2026 redevelopment guidance says candidate data-center sites must fit site conditions, reach power and fiber, comply with applicable regulation and cleanup controls, and incorporate planning and community input.
    2. [2] In Pew's 2026 U.S. data-center survey, 39 percent called data centers mostly bad for the environment, 38 percent mostly bad for home energy costs, and 30 percent mostly bad for nearby quality of life.
    3. [3] In the same Pew survey, 25 percent called data centers mostly good for local jobs and 23 percent mostly good for local tax revenue.
  11. importantinput
    Capacity reservationsProject capital

    Capacity reservations supplies a distinct operating capability within its broader Atlas system.

    Trace relationship
    Supporting evidence · 2
    1. [1] Microsoft reported $64.551 billion of property and equipment additions in fiscal 2025, compared with $44.477 billion in fiscal 2024; its fiscal year ended June 30 and the measure is not AI-only.
    2. [2] Amazon reported $128.3 billion of cash capital expenditure in 2025, primarily for technology infrastructure—mostly supporting AWS growth—and fulfillment capacity; the amount is not data-center-only or AI-only.
  12. importantinput
    Project finance & riskProject capital

    Project finance & risk supplies a distinct operating capability within its broader Atlas system.

    Trace relationship
    Supporting evidence · 2
    1. [1] Global investment in data centers reached roughly half a trillion U.S. dollars in 2024, nearly double the 2022 level.
    2. [2] The U.S. CHIPS and Science Act provides 52.7 billion dollars over five years, including 39 billion dollars for manufacturing incentives and 11 billion dollars for R&D.
  13. importantinternal
    TransmissionGrid interconnection

    Transmission supplies a distinct operating capability within its broader Atlas system.

    Trace relationship
    Supporting evidence · 2
    1. [1] At year-end 2024, about 10,300 active U.S. transmission-interconnection projects represented roughly 1,400 GW of generation and 890 GW of storage in queues covered by LBNL's dataset.
    2. [2] FERC Order No. 2023 requires cluster studies, greater project-readiness requirements, and transmission-provider delay penalties for generator interconnection.
  14. importantinternal
    Distribution & substationsGrid interconnection

    Distribution & substations supplies a distinct operating capability within its broader Atlas system.

    Trace relationship
    Supporting evidence · 2
    1. [1] The U.S. Department of Energy reports that distribution-transformer lead times expanded from roughly three to six months in 2019 to twelve to thirty months in 2023.
    2. [2] LBNL's 2025 Update places U.S. data-center electricity use at 649 TWh in its 2030 Reference Case, with compounded-uncertainty bounds of 521 to 843 TWh, or 9.5 to 15.3 percent of U.S. electricity use.
  15. importantinternal
    Generation portfolioGeneration & storage

    Generation portfolio supplies a distinct operating capability within its broader Atlas system.

    Trace relationship
    Supporting evidence · 2
    1. [1] IEA estimates that the physical generation supplying global data centers in 2024 was approximately 30 percent coal, 27 percent renewables, 26 percent gas, and 15 percent nuclear; rounding and other sources account for the remainder.
    2. [2] The IEA's 2025 base case projects worldwide data-center electricity demand to more than double to about 945 TWh by 2030.
  16. importantinternal
    Grid-scale storageGeneration & storage

    Grid-scale storage supplies a distinct operating capability within its broader Atlas system.

    Trace relationship
    Supporting evidence · 2
    1. [1] At year-end 2024, about 10,300 active U.S. transmission-interconnection projects represented roughly 1,400 GW of generation and 890 GW of storage in queues covered by LBNL's dataset.
    2. [2] FERC Order No. 2023 requires cluster studies, greater project-readiness requirements, and transmission-provider delay penalties for generator interconnection.
  17. importantinternal
    Tariffs, PPAs & cost allocationGrid interconnection

    Tariffs, PPAs & cost allocation supplies a distinct operating capability within its broader Atlas system.

    Trace relationship
    Supporting evidence · 2
    1. [1] On June 18, 2026, FERC opened targeted proceedings for six RTOs and ISOs to justify or reform large-load interconnection practices, including flexible service, cost-allocation, and co-location questions.
    2. [2] Virginia JLARC's modeled data-center buildout scenarios place added generation- and transmission-related cost for a typical Dominion residential customer at $14 to $37 per month in real dollars by 2040.
  18. importantinternal
    Flexibility, telemetry & M&VGrid interconnection

    Flexibility, telemetry & M&V supplies a distinct operating capability within its broader Atlas system.

    Trace relationship
    Supporting evidence · 3
    1. [1] Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's demand-flexibility maturity model treats evaluation, measurement and verification plus enabling data infrastructure as distinct capabilities required for dependable flexible-load programs.
    2. [2] FERC-hosted measurement guidance treats demand reduction as observed load relative to an estimated counterfactual baseline, requires error to be characterized, and identifies post-event rebound as a separate measurable effect.
    3. [3] PJM's July 2026 operating manual requires product-specific demand-response registration, event notification, meter data, settlement, and interval-meter or approved submeter treatment within its regional market rules.
  19. importantinput
    Environmental permittingLocal governance

    Environmental permitting supplies a distinct operating capability within its broader Atlas system.

    Trace relationship
    Supporting evidence · 3
    1. [1] CRS finds that individual data centers typically fall under state and local siting, while the federal permitting nexus varies by project; FERC, NRC, the Army Corps, and delegated air and water programs may apply depending on configuration and location.
    2. [2] A July 2025 U.S. executive order directs agencies to review categorical exclusions, use FAST-41 processes where eligible, support brownfield guidance, and examine federal sites for data-center infrastructure; those mechanisms do not themselves constitute project approval.
    3. [3] EPA's January 2026 redevelopment guidance says candidate data-center sites must fit site conditions, reach power and fiber, comply with applicable regulation and cleanup controls, and incorporate planning and community input.
  20. importantinput
    Grid regulationLocal governance

    Grid regulation supplies a distinct operating capability within its broader Atlas system.

    Trace relationship
    Supporting evidence · 3
    1. [1] FERC Order No. 2023 requires cluster studies, greater project-readiness requirements, and transmission-provider delay penalties for generator interconnection.
    2. [2] On June 18, 2026, FERC opened targeted proceedings for six RTOs and ISOs to justify or reform large-load interconnection practices, including flexible service, cost-allocation, and co-location questions.
    3. [3] FERC's chair stated on June 18, 2026 that compliance with Order No. 2023 was not yet fully complete across transmission providers.
  21. importantinput
    Benefit agreements & commitmentsLocal governance

    Benefit agreements & commitments supplies a distinct operating capability within its broader Atlas system.

    Trace relationship
    Supporting evidence · 2
    1. [1] St. Louis's April 2026 conditional approval for the Armory data-center project included closed-loop and air-cooled water design, noise and generator limits, PUE thresholds, annual heat-rejection and reuse reporting, certified e-waste handling, decommissioning, escalating 20-year job minimums, and financial or occupancy remedies for specified shortfalls.
    2. [2] Virginia JLARC found that most data centers used no more water than an average large office building, while a few used substantially more, and recommended explicit local authority to require water-use estimates before development approval.
  22. importantinternal
    Flexibility, telemetry & M&VGrid interconnection

    Verified workload response can modify the timing and operating profile of grid demand.

    Trace relationship
    Supporting evidence · 2
    1. [1] Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's demand-flexibility maturity model treats evaluation, measurement and verification plus enabling data infrastructure as distinct capabilities required for dependable flexible-load programs.
    2. [2] A field demonstration on one 256-GPU cluster in a commercial Phoenix facility reduced cluster power by 25 percent for three hours while maintaining the study's defined quality-of-service guarantees.
  23. importantoutput
    Tariffs, PPAs & cost allocationRatepayer impacts

    Tariff and cost-allocation choices determine how infrastructure costs reach other customers.

    Trace relationship
    Supporting evidence · 2
    1. [1] On June 18, 2026, FERC opened targeted proceedings for six RTOs and ISOs to justify or reform large-load interconnection practices, including flexible service, cost-allocation, and co-location questions.
    2. [2] Virginia JLARC's modeled data-center buildout scenarios place added generation- and transmission-related cost for a typical Dominion residential customer at $14 to $37 per month in real dollars by 2040.

Named companies + institutions

Organizations & their roles

  1. principal · public company

    Alphabet

    Alphabet Inc.

    Technology holding company whose Google businesses procure and operate global AI compute and cloud infrastructure.

    Roles, locations & evidence
    Role
    financier
    Products / service
    Technical infrastructure capital investment
    Documented activity
    World
    Headquarters
    United States
    Why this organization belongs in the System
    • Project capital

      Alphabet's filing-backed operating portfolio includes technical infrastructure capital investment, and the attached quantitative operating or investment measure supports principal status at this Atlas boundary; no subregional operating place is asserted.

  2. principal · public company

    Amazon / AWS

    Amazon.com, Inc.

    Commerce and cloud company whose AWS segment is a major buyer and operator of AI compute, network, and data-center capacity.

    Roles, locations & evidence
    Role
    financier
    Products / service
    AWS infrastructure capital investment
    Documented activity
    World
    Headquarters
    United States
    Why this organization belongs in the System
    • Project capital

      Amazon / AWS's filing-backed operating portfolio includes aws infrastructure capital investment, and the attached quantitative operating or investment measure supports principal status at this Atlas boundary; no subregional operating place is asserted.

  3. principal · public company

    Meta

    Meta Platforms, Inc.

    Digital-platform company that designs, procures, and operates large AI training and inference infrastructure.

    Roles, locations & evidence
    Role
    financier
    Products / service
    AI infrastructure capital investment
    Documented activity
    World
    Headquarters
    United States
    Why this organization belongs in the System
    • Project capital

      Meta's filing-backed operating portfolio includes ai infrastructure capital investment, and the attached quantitative operating or investment measure supports principal status at this Atlas boundary; no subregional operating place is asserted.

  4. principal · public company

    Microsoft

    Microsoft Corporation

    Global cloud and software company that procures, finances, and operates large-scale AI infrastructure.

    Roles, locations & evidence
    Role
    financier
    Products / service
    Data-center and compute infrastructure investment
    Documented activity
    World
    Headquarters
    United States
    Why this organization belongs in the System
    • Project capital

      Microsoft's filing-backed operating portfolio includes data-center and compute infrastructure investment, and the attached quantitative operating or investment measure supports principal status at this Atlas boundary; no subregional operating place is asserted.

All other organizations · 8
  1. principal · nonprofit

    PJM Interconnection

    PJM Interconnection, L.L.C.

    Regional transmission organization coordinating wholesale power markets and grid operations across a multi-state U.S. footprint.

    Roles, locations & evidence
    Role
    operator
    Products / service
    regional grid and demand-response market operations
    Documented activity
    PJM Interconnection
    Headquarters
    United States
    Why this organization belongs in the System
    • Grid interconnection

      Primary-source evidence connects this institution to regional grid and demand-response market operations in the specified Atlas capability.

  2. principal · regulator

    U.S. NRC

    United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission

    Independent U.S. regulator responsible for licensing and oversight of civilian nuclear reactors.

    Roles, locations & evidence
    Role
    regulator
    Products / service
    new nuclear reactor licensing
    Documented activity
    United States
    Headquarters
    United States
    Why this organization belongs in the System
    • Generation portfolio

      Primary-source evidence connects this institution to new nuclear reactor licensing in the specified Atlas capability.

  3. material · public company

    Constellation Energy

    Constellation Energy Corporation

    Competitive electricity producer and supplier with a large nuclear fleet and commercial energy-services business.

    Roles, locations & evidence
    Role
    offtaker · supplier · operator
    Products / service
    Long-term energy supply agreements · Wholesale and retail electricity supply · Nuclear and other electric generation
    Documented activity
    World
    Headquarters
    United States
    Why this organization belongs in the System
    • Tariffs, PPAs & cost allocation

      Constellation Energy's filing-backed operating portfolio includes long-term energy supply agreements; no subregional operating place is asserted, and headquarters is not used as a proxy. Representative status does not imply market rank.

    • Generation & storage

      Constellation Energy's filing-backed operating portfolio includes wholesale and retail electricity supply; no subregional operating place is asserted, and headquarters is not used as a proxy. Representative status does not imply market rank.

    • Generation portfolio

      Constellation Energy's filing-backed operating portfolio includes nuclear and other electric generation; no subregional operating place is asserted, and headquarters is not used as a proxy. Representative status does not imply market rank.

  4. material · government

    DOE Office of Electricity

    United States Department of Energy Office of Electricity

    U.S. government office supporting electric-grid reliability, resilience, monitoring, and supply-chain analysis.

    Roles, locations & evidence
    Role
    standards setter
    Products / service
    large-load oscillation monitoring guidance
    Documented activity
    United States
    Headquarters
    United States
    Why this organization belongs in the System
    • Flexibility, telemetry & M&V

      Primary-source evidence connects this institution to large-load oscillation monitoring guidance in the specified Atlas capability.

  5. material · research institution

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

    U.S. national laboratory researching data-center energy use, demand flexibility, and electricity systems.

    Roles, locations & evidence
    Role
    standards setter
    Products / service
    demand-flexibility measurement framework · data-center electricity-use research
    Documented activity
    United States
    Headquarters
    United States
    Why this organization belongs in the System
    • Flexibility, telemetry & M&V

      Primary-source evidence connects this institution to demand-flexibility measurement framework in the specified Atlas capability.

    • Generation & storage

      Primary-source evidence connects this institution to data-center electricity-use research in the specified Atlas capability.

  6. material · public company

    NextEra Energy

    NextEra Energy, Inc.

    Energy company spanning regulated utility operations and competitive generation, storage, and energy infrastructure.

    Roles, locations & evidence
    Role
    offtaker · operator
    Products / service
    Power purchase agreements and utility service · Renewable, gas, and nuclear generation · Utility-scale battery storage
    Documented activity
    World
    Headquarters
    United States
    Why this organization belongs in the System
    • Tariffs, PPAs & cost allocation

      NextEra Energy's filing-backed operating portfolio includes power purchase agreements and utility service; no subregional operating place is asserted, and headquarters is not used as a proxy. Representative status does not imply market rank.

    • Generation portfolio

      NextEra Energy's filing-backed operating portfolio includes renewable, gas, and nuclear generation; no subregional operating place is asserted, and headquarters is not used as a proxy. Representative status does not imply market rank.

    • Grid-scale storage

      NextEra Energy's filing-backed operating portfolio includes utility-scale battery storage; no subregional operating place is asserted, and headquarters is not used as a proxy. Representative status does not imply market rank.

  7. representative · public company

    Dominion Energy

    Dominion Energy, Inc.

    Regulated energy company serving electricity demand in Virginia and other U.S. jurisdictions with major data-center load.

    Roles, locations & evidence
    Role
    operator · supplier
    Products / service
    Regulated electric distribution · Electric generation and utility service · Regulated tariffs and large-load service
    Documented activity
    Virginia · PJM Interconnection
    Headquarters
    Virginia
    Why this organization belongs in the System
    • Distribution & substations

      Dominion Energy's filing-backed operating portfolio includes regulated electric distribution; the listed places are explicit role geographies, and headquarters is not used as a proxy. Representative status does not imply market rank.

    • Generation & storage

      Dominion Energy's filing-backed operating portfolio includes electric generation and utility service; the listed places are explicit role geographies, and headquarters is not used as a proxy. Representative status does not imply market rank.

    • Tariffs, PPAs & cost allocation

      Dominion Energy's filing-backed operating portfolio includes regulated tariffs and large-load service; the listed places are explicit role geographies, and headquarters is not used as a proxy. Representative status does not imply market rank.

  8. representative · public company

    Duke Energy

    Duke Energy Corporation

    Regulated U.S. electric and gas utility serving large regional loads through generation, transmission, and distribution assets.

    Roles, locations & evidence
    Role
    operator
    Products / service
    Electric distribution and substations · Regulated electric generation · Regulated utility tariffs
    Documented activity
    World
    Headquarters
    United States
    Why this organization belongs in the System
    • Distribution & substations

      Duke Energy's filing-backed operating portfolio includes electric distribution and substations; no subregional operating place is asserted, and headquarters is not used as a proxy. Representative status does not imply market rank.

    • Generation portfolio

      Duke Energy's filing-backed operating portfolio includes regulated electric generation; no subregional operating place is asserted, and headquarters is not used as a proxy. Representative status does not imply market rank.

    • Tariffs, PPAs & cost allocation

      Duke Energy's filing-backed operating portfolio includes regulated utility tariffs; no subregional operating place is asserted, and headquarters is not used as a proxy. Representative status does not imply market rank.

Affected policies

Relevant policies

Legal status is separated from policy objective. Every record keeps its jurisdiction, mechanism, affected nodes, and verification date.

  1. effective

    U.S. CHIPS and Science Act incentives

    Expand domestic semiconductor manufacturing, research, workforce, and supply-chain resilience.

    Mechanism, scope & sources

    Manufacturing grants, loans and guarantees, research programs, and an investment tax credit with program conditions; current project records distinguish proposed and final awards, with disbursement tied to milestones.

    United StatesOpen full policy record
  2. effective

    European Chips Act

    Strengthen European semiconductor capacity, research leadership, monitoring, and crisis response.

    Mechanism, scope & sources

    Coordinates the Chips for Europe initiative, first-of-a-kind facility support, supply monitoring, and crisis tools; the Commission's Chips Act 2.0 work remains a proposal rather than replacement law.

    European UnionOpen full policy record
  3. effective

    FERC Order No. 2023 generator interconnection reform

    Reduce interconnection backlog and improve the speed and certainty of connecting new generation.

    Mechanism, scope & sources

    Requires cluster studies, readiness deposits, withdrawal penalties, transmission-provider delay penalties, and affected-system reforms through transmission-provider tariff compliance that remained incomplete in June 2026.

    United States interstate transmissionOpen full policy record

Read this System in the field guide

Continue in the Volumes

Start with three selected readings, or explore the complete reading list.

Continue the Plant → Power → Atlas journey

Read the power train in Plant Explore grid interconnection in the Atlas
Start here
  1. 01
    Volume VI · PlantVoltage path
  2. 02
    Volume VI · PlantEnergy and capacity
  3. 03
    Volume VI · PlantQueue and flexibility
Complete reading list
Volume VI

Plant

3 spreads
  1. VI · 01Voltage path
  2. VI · 02Energy and capacity
  3. VI · 03Queue and flexibility
Volume VII

Permission

1 spreads
  1. VII · 01Utility service and cost allocation
Related cross-System reading · 11 spreads

Evidence & review

currentEvidence health46 active claims · next review Oct 13, 2026
Active claims
46
Sources
47
High volatility
17
Next review
Oct 13, 2026
Due soon
0
Overdue
0
Superseded
0
Open complete evidence ledger

Behind the claim

Evidence, in context.

Opening the evidence record…